Vedas and its Corollaries: A Concise Illustration of Sanatana Dharma Sahitya

1. Introduction
   The purpose of this article is to classify the vast compilation of the scriptures, the sahitya of Sanatana dharma, in a pictorial form associated with Vedic and the post Vedic literature that
   accompanied Vedas. Sanatana is a Sanskrit word meaning primeval, ancient, perpetual, eternal or permanent. Dharma is defined in dictionaries (V.S. Apte) as the righteous customary observances
   of a sect, as religion, religious abstractions and moral virtues followed by the pious. The knowledge of this holy learning has been ascribed to the Vedas, the Sanatana Sahitya, the holy scriptures of
   Hindus. Since the term Hindu, Hinduism is used extensively, a brief note on why and how the term Hindu came into existence is considered in the following paragraph. The Veda meaning knowledge
   of Sanatana dharma sahitya is thus with the religious stamp of Hinduism.
   The Vedas are a large body of the oldest religious literature learnt orally in Vedic Sanskrit that originated in the land Bharatavarsha, (Approximately 5000 years back). The civilization of that
   ancient period was called by historians as Vedic period. It reflects the peak period of intellectual creations, the spirit of an age in which all intellectual activity of the elite was concentrated on the
   performance of yajna. Yajna involved the worship of Agni- the element fire and other deities in the sacrificial rite of yajnas making oblations to appease them.
   The term Bharata basically means Agni, an epithet of Agni, the personification of fire as god. The followers of Agni were the sages “Putrm Bharatam” (Rig Veda,1.96.3) or Bharatas – the
   descendants of the land of Bharatavarsha. The fire and ignitors of fire in sacred altar, the priests were called the Bharatas, as both were addressed as the celestial and human priests in Rig Veda.
   Revering the luminous or light aspect of Bharata / Agni that gives knowledge of surroundings, Bharatas were respected as people who seek and transmit knowledge. The epicenter of this Vedic
   civilization was around river Sarasvati and extended up to the South eastern region near river Sindhu. The term Sindhu is mentioned in Vedas, means a great river like ocean and the region
   around that river. (Manusmriti, 2.17)
   The descendants and followers of Bharata, the Bharata tribes, the elite and noble people who followed Vedic dharma and performed noble deeds were called Aryas. Aryas were spread in Aryavarta, the land between Himalayas in North, Vindhya mountains in the south
   (Manusmriti,2.21-23) and in between the Samudra, ocean on Eastern and Western sides.
   The term Hindu does not appear in Vedas or Upanishads. The endonym term Sindhu used by the internal geographical residents of Bharat was mispronounced and addressed as Hindu as an
   exonym term, initially used by outsiders like the Greeks and Persians, who lived beyond the Sidhu river. Hindu was only a term related to geographical distribution and not related to religion. The
   term Vaidika dharma was in use for followers of Vedas. Over a period, the term Sindhu got mispronounced as Hindu, (like the term sapta which became hapta). The land became Hindu and
   the inhabitants became Hindus. Later, in the 19th century, the religion followed by Hindus got addressed as Hinduism. The term Hinduism was introduced in the year 1830 by the group of people
   who opposed British colonialism and wanted to distinguish the Vedic followers from other religions. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism#Etymology).

2. The Vedas
Vedas, the oldest liturgical sacred texts which formed the basis of Vedic religion was compiled between BCE 1500 – 1200, an assessment that is popularly accepted. The corollary literature of Vedas was created between BCE 900-700 and further down for compilation of puranas. The exact
chronology of Vedic texts is unclear. Vedas were in four branches Rig Veda, Sama Veda, Yajur Veda and Atharva Veda.
The main theme of four Vedas involved invoking deities, chanting of Vedic mantras, observing the procedures of rituals and all proceeds ministered by the chief priest. It discussed the values speculating on the origin of universe, intention, significance, and outcome, all of which were part
of the monumental literary poetic creation, the Rig Veda.
The Vedic lore was compiled much before the invention of script, was classified as ‘Shruti’ from the root word Srauta – meaning heard knowledge. Hindus consider Vedas to be “apaurusheya” a divine revelation, which means superhuman or divine revelations that were heard by ancient sages
after meditation. Vedas were thus the intellectual visions of sages. Hence, all the Vedas were taught and practiced by oral tradition using the faculty of hearing. The method of learning Vedas was by “Shruta adhyayanam”. Perfection in memorization played the key role for a flawless transmission.
This phase of recitations being memorized by heart, communicated, and transmitted to the following generation was called “Shruti”. The term shruti has multiple meaning related to hearing in general. In Vedic knowledge, it is holy learning, the subject matter of Veda. Shruti also means
the foundational pitch in music to be heard before singing.

Over a period, the learning of Vedas and its ancillary branches got evolved and documented which changed from hearing to seeing and remembering called the ‘Smriti’ phase. Smriti has meaning of
remembering. The whole body of sacred tradition of divine revelation was remembered by human teachers for analyzing of legal institutes, the metre of verses, and laws of dharma, etc.
The emergence of the corollaries of Vedas are very elaborate and less clearly defined for chronological order.

The Communication and learning of Vedic samhitas /scriptures starting from the initial stage are thus ascribed to two phases –
1. Shruti and 2. Smriti.

Shruti Category– The Vedas, revered to be from divine origin was heard and propagated. Shruti is from the word shrotra meaning ‘attentively heard’. Initially, Vedas and its explanations were learnt and communicated from generation to generation by the faculty of hearing, a quality par
excellence. One who was well versed in the Vedas by shruti method was respected as Shrotriya.
Vedas were composed in Vedic Sanskrit was tough to understand. The contents, meaning, ritual and philosophical explanations were discussed as supplements, or the branches.

Smriti Category– Smriti is of human origin, textual material connected with Vedas of post Vedic period. Smriti means that which is remembered. The wise saints created the varied analysis on the wisdom of Vedas into a body of religious texts that got classified as Smriti. The language was Sanskrit, the
derivative of the Vedic Sanskrit, a refined and polished version with perfection on grammar was used. They were attributed to an author and traditionally documented in contrast to the method of
shruti.

Vedas are the perpetual and eternal basis of Hindu Sanatana dharma. Hindus believe the origin of knowledge to be a direct revelation from the supreme being Brahma to different Rishis. Veda Vyasa the greatest sage of all times compiled and arranged the divine revelations into four parts as
Rig, Yajur, Sama and Atharva Veda samhitas and distributed it to his disciples as care takers.
The four Vedas differed in the number of verses, theme, the purpose, and the mode of presentation. The category of chief priest, the Ritvija – who officiated in each branch also varied.

In this writeup, the most ancient treatise of Sanatana dharma is framed in two self-explained pictorial form for an easy understanding of the literary creations. In the picture diagram related to Shruti phase, the four Vedas and the scriptures are picturized using 4 petalled structure which is
the Mulaadhara – the fundamental source for Sanatana dharma. The symbol for element earth (not the shape) which is a solid square structure, unchangeable and unshakable is used as a metaphorfor the Vedic knowledge. A note about the central theme of each Veda is provided in the second circle in the diagram. The three major texts of the three branches are included in the third circle.
A note on what are samhitas, Brahmanas, Aranyakas and Upanishads mean, are in the petal form.

3. Shruti
Rig Veda: The term Rig Veda is from Riks, which means to praise. Rigveda was a compilation poetry by many sages. The theme of Rig Veda was mostly oriented as invocation to powers of nature and its description with amazing similes. Many deities are eulogized, Indra gaining the super god status. The offering of Soma juice to Indra to appease him and fight against the demons
was the central theme of Rig Veda. Rig Veda is divided into 10 mandalas -books, involving 10552 verses. Hotri is the chief priest of Rig Veda, who recited the sacrificial hymns to invoke Gods.
Sama Veda: Sama Veda is derived from the word Saman meaning appeasing, comforting, a word of praise and eulogizing chant. It was a liturgical collection of verses borrowed from Rigveda but sung in a
complicated and the earliest form of music which was pleasant to hear. The repetitions observed in varied patterns enhanced the value of sanctity. Sama Veda has 1810 verses. Udgatri was the chief priest who sung the musical Sama chants.
Yajur Veda: Yajur Veda is derived from the root word Yajus meaning sacrificial formula of veneration. Though it includes many verses from RigVeda, it was compiled more in prose order focusing on
all the proceeds of the various rituals to be observed in Yajna along with the recitations of Yajus. The rituals performed on a big scale like somayajna, raajasuya, etc as well as the domestic rituals were introduced in Yajur Veda and its derivative smruti texts. Yajur Veda is more a guidebook for
priests that are to be recited at the sacrifices containing 1875 verses in its earliest form. It was made into two branches of ‘Shukla’ and ‘Krishna’ Yajur vedas. Shukla was with explanations and Krishna was in mantra form. Adhvaryu was the chief priest, a ritvija, who performed the manual
duties of rituals along with the recitation of verses and formulas of Yajur Veda.
The three Vedas were recognized as canonical collections relating to the Yajnic ceremonies and theosophical in matter.

Picture 1: A concise illustration of Shruti phase of Vedic literature.

Atharva Veda: Atharva Veda, is from the name Atharva Rishi who compiled it. The chief priest Brahman of this Veda supervised the yajnas and gave instructions for atonement in case of mistakes happening.
Atharva Veda was the last of 4 Vedas was less religious and with varied knowledge. Chants were more on superstition with heterogenous collections of spells to hostile charms related to cure of diseases, immortality, destruction of adverse forces, securing harmony in family and villages, elimination of enemies, sorcery, the nature of supreme reality, etc. It is a compilation of 5987 verses.

4. Branches of Vedas
Vedic Sanskrit was tough to understand. Every Veda was segregated into 4 categories called 1. Samhitas, 2. Brahmanas, 3. Aranyakas and
4. Upanishads for better understanding of its contents, meaning, ritual and philosophical explanations. The number of texts vary in number in each group and only three are presented belonging to each group.
Samhitas: Samhita means compilation, the basic material, the ancient collections of verses, the hymns related to euphoric rules that are methodically arranged in all Vedas.
Brahmanas: Explanations/ commentaries of Mantras in prose form that describe the various ritualistic details of samhitas. It expounds the scientific knowledge of Vedas like astronomy, geometry of fire altar construction and mystical knowledge of Vedas. The term Brahmana is from the word Brahman- the chief priest who ministered the yajnas. Expositions from a learned person on the significance of various rituals and the hidden philosophical meanings of the sacred text are in Brahmanas, all in similar language and style.
Aranyakas: A treatise of theosophical character which is meant to be studied in the solitude of the forest and hence called as the forest texts. It interprets the symbolic and philosophical ways associated with rituals of sacrifice. Aranyakas are like a link between Brahmanas and Upanishads.
They were intended to be studied by the ones who were initiated into vedas but were withdrawn to forests for ‘vanaprastha’ life. As teachers they gave instructions on the inner meditative meaning of a yajna to disciples in the gurukula seclusion of forests and away from cities.
Upanishads: Upa means nearness, Nishad is sitting. Upanishad means sitting near the master and listening to the mystical and philosophical contents of Vedas. They are the highest form of philosophical introspection, spiritual knowledge, and with discussion on the concepts of Atman
and Brahman. There are 108 Upanishads in general and considered as the later stage of Brahmana literature.

The four Vedas and its segregation are presented in a pictorial form for easy understanding of the scriptures of Sanatana dharma of Hindu religion. (Hinduism). The segregations of Vedic texts are vast and vary in the number from school to school. Three most important categories are chosen in
each group. The pictorial representation of the basic classification of Shruti phase is presented below along with the names of Brahmana, Aranyaka and Upanishad texts associated with each Veda.
Readers are requested to join the terms Brahmanas or Aranyakas and Upanishads attached along with the respective name of the texts that are given in the pictorial frame.

1) Branches relating to Rig Veda
a) Brahmanas
i) Aitareya Brahmana
ii) Kaushitaki Brahmana
iii) Sankhayana Brahmana
b) Aranyakas
i) Taittiriya Aranyaka
ii) Aitareya Aranyaka
iii) Samkhayana Aranyaka.
c) Upanishads
i) Aitareya Upanishad
ii) Kaushitaki Upanishad
2) Branches relating to SamaVeda
a) Brahmanas
i) Tandya / Panchavimsha
ii) Sadvimsha Brahmana
iii) Jaiminiya Brahmana
b) Aranyakas
i) Jaiminiya Aranyaka
ii) Chandyoga Aranyaka
c) Upanishad
i) Chandyoga Upanishad
ii) Kena Upanishad
3) Branches relating to Yajur Veda
a) Brahmanas
i) Shatapatha Brahmana of Shukla Yajur Veda (the brahmana literature of hundred paths)
ii) Taitiriya Brahmana, Vajasaneyi brahmana of Krishna Yajur Veda
iii) Anvakhyana Brahmana
b) Aranyakas
i) Brihadaranyaka
ii) Madhyandina Aranyaka
iii) Kanva Aranyaka
c) Upanishads
i) Brihadaranyaka Upanishad
ii) Shvetashwara Upanishad
iii) Katha Upanishad
4) Branches relating to Atharva Veda
a) Brahmana
i) Saunakiya Brahmana
ii) Pippilaada Brahmana
iii) Gopatha Brahmana
b) Aranyaka
i) Gopatha Aranyaka
c) Upanishad
i) Mundaka Upanishad
ii) Mandukya Upanishad
iii) Prashna Upanishad.

5. Smriti
Smriti means “recollection”, or ‘that which is remembered.’ They are the post Vedic Sanskrit literary works of Vedic tradition that is studied by virtuous minded men. It is the derivative material texts of Vedas, elaborates, interprets, and codifies the Vedic thought of how to live life in
a meaningful way. The shruti literature is intended for the religious instruction of all Hindus containing the rules and regulations for the guidance of society. Smriti literature is vast corpus, are totally eighteen in number recognized by the eighteen scholars who are credited for authoring the dharma related texts. Yajnavalkya smriti and Manusmriti were added that made the total number twenty.
The diagram of Smriti phase of literature in the second picture is metaphorically structured as the six petalled diagram that is associated with “Svadhistana”chakra. Svadhistana is closely related to the four petalled Muladhara, (see picture 1) means to ‘self-establish’, to expand, an expression to flow, to go creative from the dormant state. The six petals correspond to the modes of consciousness has been correlated to the six branches of scriptures of smriti phase.
Sanatana dharma insists on meditation on knowledge, as a voluntary gesture to evolve with awareness. A brief note on each classification is provided for better understanding of the themes involved in
each group.
Based on the nature of knowledge, Smriti literature is in two types and six branches. The two types are:
1. One that outlines code of conduct
2. One that expounds shastra.

The six branches of Smriti involving both types are:
1.Purana
2.Itihaasa
3.Dharma shastra (relates to first type)
4.Vedanga
5.Shad Darshana and
6.Upaveda (relates to second type)

1.Puranas: Puranas are the traditional legends, sacred narratives. They are an old collection of epic stories of ancient historic legendary lore, gods, genealogies, implying didactic and narrative matter. They are sectarian in purpose but the information on period and author are not well
preserved. Puranas link gods to men both in religious and devotional content. In its spiritual context, it describes the instances of god’s grace which strengthens the devotion to gods. The cultural heritage of Bharat in its literary and archaeological fields are greatly influenced by the
puranic episodes. There are eighteen puranas, classified in three major sections and each with six
subcategories which establishes the diversity of manuscripts.
1. There are six Sattvik puranas glorifying Vishnu: Vishnu, Naaradiya, Garuda, Bhaagavata, Padma, and Varaaha Puranas.
2. There are six Rajasik puranas glorifying lord Brahma and Agni: Brahma, Brahmanda, Brahmavaivarta, Markandeya, Bhavishyat, and Vaamana Puranas.
3. There are six Tamasika puranas glorifying Shiva: Matsya, Kurma, Linga, Shiva, Skanda and Agni Puranas.

2. Itihaasa: Itihasa comprises historical events, or legend, composed in the ‘Sloka’ form, employed in Sanskrit poetry as the narrations of incidents that occurred during the lifetime of the composer, or a narration like contemporary history. The two epics Ramayana and Mahabharata
are considered as Itihaasa. The focus is on righteous and ideal personality in Ramayana. Mahabharata clarifies the confusions and dilemmas of men under various situations and explains the stand that is to be followed.
Ramaayana, a single homogeneous mahakavya, a narrative in nature, is composed by the seer Valmiki with 24000 slokas that are divided into 7 books. Valmiki appears as a contemporary of Rama and traces the genealogy of Suryavamsha clan to which Sri Rama belonged. Ramayana is
about the life of Sri Rama, the hero of Ikshvaaku family of Ayodhya, narrates his birth, adventures, marriage to Sita, expedition to lanka and his coronation as the king. Ramayana favors worship of
Sri Rama.
Mahabharata, composed by sage Vyasa is the heroic narrative describing the great 18-day battle between the descendants of Bharata, the two cousins belonging to the families of Kurus and Pandus. It consists of 100000 slokas, is the longest poetry of ancient literary history. It is didactic in teaching excessively, is divided into 18 books called ‘Parvas’. It has a supplement called Harivamsha and favors the worship of Vishnu. The philosophical poem of ‘Bhagavadgita’ is recited to the warrior Arjuna by lord Krishna before the beginning of the battle. It differs from Ramayana by employing introductory speech as ‘thus spake’, which is part of old prose narratives. It is heterogeneous interpolations involve legends about gods, kings, sages,
accounts of cosmogony, disquisition of religion, law, philosophy, and duties of military caste.

3. Dharmashastras: Dharmashastras are guidebooks of smriti literature dealing with the laws of righteousness. Composed in poetic verses, they are based on Dharma sutras that leads towards the development of man. They involve topics like the laws of nature, ideal virtues, morality, practices of socio religious works, the practical codes of dharma – the righteous way of living in all matters.
Dharmashastras are further classified as 1. Sutras, 2. Smritis 3. Nibandhas. Dharmashastras are many, but only a few popular ones of each group are listed here:
Sutras: Sutras like shrauta, grihya sutras which had influenced the social life of Orthodox Hindus.
Smritis: Manusmriti is the ancient legal text on the tradition of code of conduct Hindu dharma. Yajnavalkya smriti was the legal theory text. Naarada smriti, is acclaimed as the best text juridical matters. Vishnusmriti was based on devotion, the Bhakti tradition.
Nibandhas: Nibandhas are treatise like vivaha, vyavahara are related to marriage and social responsibilities.

4. Upavedas: They are the subsidiary or subordinate class of Vedic applied knowledge, containing the subjects of technical fields of each Veda. The list of subject differs from the source. They are texts of arts and science of Vedas.
1. Ayurveda –associated with Rig Veda deals with medicine for health and longevity.
2. Dhanurveda – associated with Yajur Veda, deals with science of archery and war.
3. Gandharva veda- associated with SAmaveda, deals with the science of arts, music, and
dance.
4. Shastra, Artha shaastra – associated with Atharva Veda deals with military technology and
science of governing by kings.

5. Shad Darshanas: They are streams of classical philosophical guidelines, windows to truth on ultimate reality. They are insights of sages and followed by the astikas who accepted the authority of Vedas and Upanishads. It encompasses the six schools of philosophy with different approach to attain knowledge of soul, destiny of soul and knowledge as the path of liberation (moksha) which is the goal of life. Shad darshanas are the six manuals of philosophy. Each school of philosophy had its own author and literature. It is also called sutras and named:

1. Nyaya sutra (Philosophy): Nyaya philosophy was created by Sage Gautama who proposed the mechanism of attaining knowledge through the five senses was the way to attain Moksha.

2. Sankhya sutra: Sankhya philosophy propounded by sage Kapila saw the rational dualistic approach of two parallel bodies, the eternal spirit Purusha- the Paramatma and consistent matter Prakruti- the Jivatma. Evolution and awareness occur by the interaction of Purusha and Prakruti.

3. Yoga sutras: Yoga philosophy was found by sage Patanjali said that the disciplining of body,
and mind through the practice of ashtanga yoga led to awareness that led to Moksha.

4. Vaisheshika sutras: Vaisheshika philosophy founded by sage Kanada, called universe as Brahman, the fundamental force of consciousness, which is divisible to finite particles of atoms, each containing a particle of consciousness.

5. Purva mimamsa: It was created by sage Jaimini’s sutra, based on the power of mantras, and Vedic Yajnas said that Moksha is attainable only by following the principles prescribed in Vedas.

6. Uttara mimamsa as Vedanta sutras: Uttara mimamsa was founded by sage Baadarayana as the Vedanta philosophy based on Upanishads. He said that Brahman is the only reality and all worldly are maya – unreal. In the later period it emerged as three branches of philosophy called:
a. Advaita (Non dualism between Jivatma and Paramatma) by sage Shankaracharya in 8th
century.
b. Visishtadvaita (Qualified non dualism, all jivatma depends on paramatma for existence) by sage Ramanujacharya in 11th century, and
c. Dvaita (Dualism, jivatma has separate existence from paramatma) of Madhvaacharya in 12th century.

6. Vedangas: The Vedangas are an integral part of the Vedic system, have various supportive roles to protect the purity of Vedic form. Vedanga means the six limbs of the Veda, a certain classis of work regarded as ancillary to the Vedas. The study of the Vedangas is considered necessary for the proper understanding of the Veda; hence, the Vedangas are said to be the support of the Vedas.
Ceremonial rituals of religion involved the mandatory matter of correct pronunciation, correct grammar, and correct accents. These topics formed the core of the Vedangas as prerequisite and hence, they were considered as sacred knowledge.
The 6 branches are:
1. Shiksha deals with the science of phonetics, proper pronunciation of each syllable, words, and Vedic hymns. The words, its etymology, meaning, pronunciation, its grammatical part – Sandhi, the conjecture of two words and change in intonation that occurs by this conjecture is all taught in Shiksha of Vedanga.
2. Chandas deals with the meter or rhythm of the verses. It was taught to learners of Veda after the hymns were memorized in Samhita-Paatha, followed by Pada paatha of words along with the meaning of individual words. The arrangement of words in a line and structuring of the stanza was discussed in the teaching of Chandas and metre of hymns.
3. Vyaakarana, Grammatical analysis deals with the formation of words, conjunction of two words, the use of prefix and suffix of verbs and nouns, termination of nouns, etc. The four parts of speech- noun, pronoun, subject, predicate, separation of these in Sanskrit language
were discussed in Vyaakarana.
4. Nirukta deals with etymology, with the meaning of complex words and phrases. It is based on the root source of words, synonyms, homonyms, interpretation, and analysis of difficult words providing insight into the hidden contents of Vedic terminologies. Nirukta imparts the ultimate and true knowledge of words.
5. Kalpa literally means sacred rules or law. It speaks of how and when sacrifice is to be conducted. Kalpa-Sutras are divided into Srautasutras and Smarthasutras. The latter are further sub-divided into Grihyasutra and Dharmasutra.
6. Jyotisha play an important role in development of the Vedic calendar. The periods of two fortnights, the full and new moon days, the period to which a sacrifice is extended can all be seen in jyotisha shastra.
The first four Vedangas were meant as aids to the correct reciting and understanding of the sacred texts. The last two deal with religious rites and duties, and their proper seasons.

6. Conclusion
The Vedas are a large body of the oldest religious texts composed in Vedic Sanskrit that originated in the land of Bharatavarsha. The Veda means knowledge of Sanatana Dharma is with the religious stamp of Hinduism, fundamental foundation on which the current Hindu religion is based. Many explanations and commentaries were created in the Smriti – post Vedic phase which became the source to understand the oceanic nature of knowledge of Vedas. Bharatiyas, the followers of Vedic traditions in Bharatavarsha, have faith and belief in God, a methodical way of offering prayers / worship sessions. The sincerity in observing prescribed ritual
pattern, dress code, religious institutions, prescribed moral values to be followed for a righteous way of living are observed by all residents and followers of Sanatana dharma, now called Hinduism. It is liberal in its laws, and attainment of moksha / liberation is the goal attainable through individual efforts. Vedic tradition is very much a living tradition followed to this day by all Hindus in the land of Bharata and hence not just a way of living as has been categorized.

References:
Sincere thanks to Mr. Prajilesh Nair from Calicut for the graphics.
• Rekha Rao, Symbolography in Indus seals, Available online on Amazon in both eBook and Print Format: https://www.amazon.in/Symbolography-Indus-Seals-Rekha-Raoebook/dp/B016QQKBQE
• Rekha Rao, The Truth About Aryas, Available online on Amazon in both ebook and Print Book Format: https://www.amazon.in/Truth-About-Aryas-Rekha-Raoebook/dp/B0835T78SJ/ref=sr_1_1?dchild=1&keywords=the+truth+about+aryas&qid=16
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